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About RF Modules
RF modules are partially finished circuits that can be incorporated into larger designs. They include receivers, transmitters, and transceivers. RF modules use several different modulation methods and radio techniques. On-off key (OOK) modulation turns a signal on or off. Amplitude modulation (AM) causes the baseband signal to vary the amplitude or height of the carrier wave to create the desired information content. Frequency modulation (FM) causes the instantaneous frequency of a sine wave carrier to depart from the center frequency by an amount proportional to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. Amplitude shift key (ASK) is a modulation method that transmits data by varying the amplitude of the transmitted signal. Frequency shift key (FSK) is a digital modulation scheme that uses two or more output frequencies. Phase shift key (PSK) varies the phase of transmitted digital signals in accordance to the baseband data signal. Radio techniques limit localized interference and noise. Direct sequence spread spectrum techniques spread signals over a large band by multiplexing the signal with a code or signature that modulates each bit. Frequency-hopping spread spectrum techniques move signals through a narrow set of channels in a sequential, cyclical, and determined pattern.
Performance specifications for RF modules include sensitivity, output power, communication interface, operating frequency, measurement resolution, and maximum transmission distance. Sensitivity is the minimum input signal required to produce a specified output signal having a specified signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. Output power is the maximum signal power that RF modules can transmit. There are two basic types of communications interfaces. Parallel interfaces handle multiple bits of data at the same time and include standards such as the general-purpose interface bus (GPIB). Serial interfaces transfer one bit after another. Examples include the universal serial bus (USB), RS232 and RS485. Operating frequency is the range of transmitted and received signals. Measurement resolution is the minimum digital resolution. Maximum transmission distance is the maximum distance that a transmitter and receiver can be separated.
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