Integrated assembly of components required for converting microwave signals to a higher frequency range for further processing. Generally an upconverter is designed to produce an output signal frequency for a particular frequency band.
Integrated assembly of components required for converting microwave signals to an intermediate frequency (IF) range for further processing. Generally a downconverter is designed to produce an output signal frequency for a particular frequency band.
A variable type converter changes the frequency of the input signal to any frequency in its operating range. It is not constraint to produce signals for a particular frequency band, as is the case with upconverters and downconverters.
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A block converter performs fixed conversion and is normally used for frequency translation from one band to another, i.e., from (to) L-band to (from) C-band.
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Free electron lasers ranging in wavelength from the microwave to infra red regions are being used in a fundamental study of the application of these devices to welding, cutting, semiconductor processing, medical applications, plasma heating and isotope separation
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Devices mount in racks and come with hardware such as rail guides, flanges, or tabs. Some rack-mounted devices fit in a standard 19” telecommunications rack.
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The range of input frequencies that the converter is designed to operate.
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The range of output frequencies that the converter is designed to deliver.
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Conversion gain is the net increase in power between the fundamental input signal and the desired output. It is calculated as the ratio (in dB) of the output power to the RF input power. It is a measure of the efficiency of the converter in providing frequency translation between the input RF signal and the output signal.
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Output Return Loss is simply the amount of power that is "lost" to the load and does not return as a reflection. Input Return Loss is the amount of power that is "lost" to the converter and does not return back to the source. Clearly, high return loss is usually desired even though "loss" has negative connotations. Return loss is commonly expressed in decibels. For example, if one-half of the power does not reflect from the load/source, the return loss is 3 dB. Return Loss can also be expressed in terms of VSWR.
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The Noise Figure (NF) is the ratio (in dB) of the signal-to-noise ratio at the input of the component and the signal-to-noise ratio measured at the output. It is a measure of the amount of noise added to the signal during normal operation. A low noise figure means better performance. The NF value sets the lower limit of the Dynamic range of the amplifier.
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This is the full required range of ambient operating temperature.
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Bayonet Neil-Concelman (BNC) connectors were designed for military applications, but are used widely in video and RF applications to 2 GHz. BNC connectors have a slotted outer conductor and a plastic dielectric that causes increasing losses at higher frequencies. BNC connectors are usable above 4 GHz as long as the slots radiate signals; however, these devices may not be mechanically stable to 10 GHz. Both 50 and 75 BNC connectors are available. BNC connectors are also known as bayonet navy connectors or baby Neil connectors.
Miniature coaxial (MCX) connectors provide broadband capability through 6 GHz and are used in applications where weight and physical space are limited. They provide good electrical performance and are used to address the rapid implementation of the U.S. digital cellular PCN infrastructure. MCX connectors are also used in global positioning systems (GPS) and wireless LAN (WLAN) applications.
Mini-UHFconnectors are a miniature version of the original UHF connector. They feature a threaded coupling mechanism for reliable mating. Mini-UHF connectors are designed for use in cellular mobile telephone systems where size, weight and cost are critical. With crimp cable termination for low installation costs, these connectors provide excellent RF performance in applications through 2.5 GHz.
Micro-miniature coaxial (MMCX) connectors are smaller than MCX connectors and feature a more robust interface for greater durability. They are ideal for high volume, wireless SMT or PCMCIA applications in cellular base stations, cellular phones and personal communicators. MMCX connectors are also used in global positioning systems and wireless LAN (WLAN) applications.
Subminiature-A (SMA) connectors are intended for use on semi-rigid cables in components. They directly interface the cable dielectric without air gaps. They are not intended for permanent connections.
Subminiature-N (SMB) connectors are snap-mount connectors that are available either in 50 or 75 impedances. They are used for frequencies from DC to 4GHz.
Threaded Neil-Concelman (TNC) connectors are similar in size to BNC connectors but feature a threaded coupling nut for applications that require performance to 11 GHz. TNC connectors are durable, reliable devices that are widely used in the cellular and mobile communication industry for equipment cabling and antenna interfaces.
Type N connectors include an integrated gasket to protect against environmental ingress and create an air gap between the center and the outer conductor. They primarily have 50 impedance, but 75 versions for CATV, are available.
Ultra high frequency (UHF) connectors are economical, all-purpose connectors designed with non-constant impedance for use in comparatively low voltage and low frequency applications such as citizens' band (CB) communications systems. UHF connectors are also used in public address systems, closed circuit television (CCTV), civil defense, landing systems, ground control apparatus, ship-to-shore communications, and mobile radio equipment hookups between antenna and transmitters or receivers.
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Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) is a European Union (EU) directive that requires all manufacturers of electronic and electrical equipment sold in Europe to demonstrate that their products contain only minimal levels of the following hazardous substances: lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether. RoHS will become effective on July 1, 2006.
Frequency inversion is the process of inverting a signal frequency to produce a mirror image at a different frequency range. This is one of the most common scrambling methods. This process relocates the power level of each input frequency to a new position, calculated as the difference between the original frequency and the inversion frequency.
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and 75